New aspects of surface wetting revealed

When a surface is getting wet, the composition of the liquid plays a role in the wetting process. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPI-DS) found that phase separation within the wetting liquid directly affects the dynamics of spreading. Their findings may inform research in various applications, including tissue engineering, biology and semiconductor manufacturing. The study was recently published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

During phase separation, liquid mixtures of several components turn into an emulsion, an effect commonly known from the Greek liqueur Ouzo, which turns pale when water is added. Moreover, this process occurs in many other different contexts, such as cloud formation in the sky or biomolecular condensation within biological cells. Usually, phase separation requires contact with solid particles because wetting their surfaces lowers the required energy.

The researchers from the MPI-DS around Stefan Karpitschka have now found that not only wetting drives phase separation, but also phase separation drives wetting. Usually, classical forces such as gravity or capillarity cause liquid spreading. However, also phase separation actively drives the wetting of the surface, sometimes even much faster. "This technically allows to manipulate thin films of complex liquids on surfaces, for example during manufacturing processes involving the phase change," explains Stefan Karpitschka, group leader at the MPI-DS.

Phase separation affects liquid spreading

To reveal the impact of phase separation on liquid spreading, the researchers studied droplets of liquid mixtures on solid surfaces. Youchuang Chao, leading author the study describes the key results: "We observed an unexpected spreading phenomenon compared to the well-established spreading laws for single-component liquids. Phase separation occurs close to the edge of the droplet, which allows to direct liquid components to this specific area, thereby controlling chemical processes." These novel findings evidence the strong coupling between the dynamical wetting and phase separation, even at the molecular-scale level.

The new insights of the study may thus enable developing new strategies for surface processing. These include oil recovery from surfaces as well as applications in manufacturing in the microchips and semiconductor industry.