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What makes urine yellow? Scientists discover the enzyme responsible

urine
Credit: CC0 Public Domain

Researchers at the University of Maryland and National Institutes of Health have identified the microbial enzyme responsible for giving urine its yellow hue, according to a new study published in the journal Nature Microbiology.

The discovery of this , called bilirubin reductase, paves the way for further research into the gut microbiome's role in ailments like jaundice and inflammatory bowel disease.

"This enzyme discovery finally unravels the mystery behind urine's yellow color," said the study's lead author Brantley Hall, an assistant professor in the University of Maryland's Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics. "It's remarkable that an everyday biological phenomenon went unexplained for so long, and our team is excited to be able to explain it."

When degrade after their six-month lifespan, a bright orange pigment called bilirubin is produced as a byproduct. Bilirubin is typically secreted into the gut, where it is destined for excretion but can also be partially reabsorbed. Excess reabsorption can lead to a buildup of bilirubin in the blood and can cause jaundice—a condition that leads to the yellowing of the skin and eyes. Once in the gut, the resident flora can convert bilirubin into other molecules.

"Gut microbes encode the enzyme bilirubin reductase that converts bilirubin into a colorless byproduct called urobilinogen," explained Hall, who has a joint appointment in the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies. "Urobilinogen then spontaneously degrades into a molecule called urobilin, which is responsible for the yellow color we are all familiar with."

Urobilin has long been linked to urine's yellow hue, but the research team's discovery of the enzyme responsible answers a question that has eluded scientists for over a century.

Aside from solving a scientific mystery, these findings could have important health implications. The research team found that bilirubin reductase is present in almost all but is often missing from newborns and individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. They hypothesize that the absence of bilirubin reductase may contribute to infant jaundice and the formation of pigmented gallstones.

"Now that we've identified this enzyme, we can start investigating how the bacteria in our gut impact circulating levels and related health conditions like jaundice," said study co-author and NIH Investigator Xiaofang Jiang. "This discovery lays the foundation for understanding the gut-liver axis."

In addition to jaundice and , the gut microbiome has been linked to various diseases and conditions, from allergies to arthritis to psoriasis. This latest discovery brings researchers closer to achieving a holistic understanding of the gut microbiome's role in human health.

"The multidisciplinary approach we were able to implement—thanks to the collaboration between our labs—was key to solving the physiological puzzle of why our urine appears yellow," Hall said. "It's the culmination of many years of work by our team and highlights yet another reason why our is so vital to human health."

More information: BilR is a gut microbial enzyme that reduces bilirubin to urobilinogen, Nature Microbiology (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01549-x

Journal information: Nature Microbiology

Citation: What makes urine yellow? Scientists discover the enzyme responsible (2024, January 3) retrieved 7 March 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2024-01-urine-yellow-scientists-enzyme-responsible.html
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